mountain bike coil vs air shock

An air spring is a sealed chamber filled with air. This guide starts by listing the best rear shocks for mountain biking from companies like Fox, RockShox, Marzocchi and DVO. There is no best shock. Asking wether air or coil is beter can get you in those kind of almost religious debate. Models like Monarch Plus, Float DPX2, X2 Factory, DHx2 . RockShox is one of the biggest names in mountain bike suspension, and for a good reason. For this piece, we wanted to spend some time unpacking some key differences between air and coil sprung shocks from various standpoints. Found inside – Page 88Sticker shock aptly describes what many mountain bikers felt last season when ... and rebounds) or springs rather than conventional air-over-oil systems. An air spring is progressive: When it compresses, its stiffness increases exponentially. Therefore, the ride feel/differences are rapidly decreasing between these two shock types. If it’s hot, you might be a candidate for a coil-over shock. It's a recent development however, so on most stock shocks on production bikes you'll find a correctly weighted coil unit. A lever lets you toggle between them. It’s interesting to note that the coil spring systems have gotten lighter while the air-based systems have increased in weight, due to the addition of more sophisticated features like piggyback chambers that keep the gas, usually nitrogen, away from the main body of the shock to dissipate heat more effectively and by offering more adjustment options. If you have the money to spare, you can do some damage control by opting for a titanium spring and on average you’ll add on about a half of a pound. There are many configurations of hydraulic shocks, spring shocks, frame materials and components, with each configuration opening up different doors for the rider. In today's Tech Talk we're going to cover a hot topic in the mountain bike world right now, and that's air shocks versus coil shocks. just add more air for a heavier rider). It'll use an average to slightly below-average travel distance. SoulCycle At-Home Bike Vs. Peloton, Which Is Best. Engineers use the suspension linkages to create a leverage rate on the shock that’s optimized for an air spring’s more progressive nature—install a coil-spring shock on one of these bikes and you’ll use too much travel too easily, reducing the effectiveness of the suspension. Browse the best MTB rear shocks. To help you understand the benefits of each, and which may be the right option for you, we broke down how the shocks differ in four key categories: performance, weight, tunability, and serviceability. Using coil rather than an air spring, Rockshock aims to bring the consistency of a coil spring shock to trail and enduro bikes. Keep your weight constant, or be faced with buying a different spring for your rear suspension system. With that in mind, it’s best to do some research on your particular bike. Front Suspension. All of this begs the question: If a coil-over shock has so much going for it, why do most bikes come with an air shock? Plus, the most important factor is making sure you get a shock that's compatible with . There will always be exceptions or outliers to these general concepts discussed below . Core mountain bike brands like Yeti, Transition, Pivot, Evil, Guerrilla Gravity, and Santa Cruz offer coil-friendly bikes. kielce bike-expo 2019-09-19 EUROBIKE THE GLOBAL SHOW 2019 2019-09-04 The China Int'l Bicycle Fair 2019 2019-05-09 Production air forks have taken a beating Mike Tyson would be proud of, BUT that's production. Lockout, remote lockout. The primary benefit of an air shock is that air weighs a lot less than steel. Published July 10, 2019. The intention of this article isn’t to make some lofty claim that one is superior to the other. Suspension Forks Front End Bicycles. RockShox sent us two different shocks to play with on our Cannondale Jekyll long term test bike.Overall, we've been rather impressed by their new Super Deluxe line of Metric sized shocks and have run tests of both the air and coil versions independently. We also chatted with Stefan Sack who does suspension R&D work with X-Fusion and spec's both air & coil shocks on Bionicon bikes. Air . Roughly speaking, mountain bikes range from around 2.3:1 (low leverage) up towards 3:1 (high leverage). “As the reaction time to compression and rebound forces improves, [coil-over shocks] are able to follow the contours of the trail more closely, providing better traction, bump absorption, and braking,” says Noah Sears, MRP’s vice president of business development. ⭐️ Find the Cane Creek DB Air Shock at Jenson USA or other online retailers. Our Suspension Calculator makes setting up your suspension super easy. That includes people who are racing and/or riding super demanding terrain. Gear-obsessed editors choose every product we review. To help you understand the benefits of each and what’s right for you, we break down how the shocks differ in four key categories. That’s because most bikes are designed to work with an air shock. With Metric shock sizing and higher volume air springs, we’ve been trending toward running running 30-50 PSI less pressure in the average rear shock. An air spring is almost infinitely adjustable. Cross Country The bike is a Yeti SB 5.5 which we normally . The coil shock appears to be experiencing a . Rear shocks are divided into two basic types depending on what kind of spring mechanism they have - air or coil. If you follow racing at all, you've likely seen a big push within the Enduro World Series, with many top Pros making the switch to coil. To be specific, in our case there was a 517 gram difference between the coil and air Super Deluxe shocks, excluding the remote/cable. The aftermarket is your friend, too: Cascade Components offers replacement links that can make some non-coil bikes more progressive and, ultimately, compatible with a coil-over shock. More on that later…. Coil forks use a metal coil as the spring (duh!). CLP Found inside – Page 76Freeride bikes used heavier, tougher, Coil springs. Now air components are more durable, and bikes like Kona's Stinky boast great air suspension pieces such ... New Float X air shock runs lower pressures than DPX2. If you’ve come to the conclusion that you’re best served by an air shock, you’re in luck: Most bikes come with, and are optimized for, air shocks. How we test gear. Based on a 165-pound rider putting out 250 watts of power on a 2-mile climb with a 15 percent grade, that one extra pound adds 10 seconds. Enduro riders often choose a coil shock but there are plenty of enduro bikes with air shocks. Today we're back at the pseudo-science to help you decide if you should run a coil or air shock on your mountain bike. These 20mm axles are always 20x110mm to give downhill bikes maximum stiffness. In progressive systems, the force (N) required to compress/move the shock x distance increases exponentially, therefore, suppose it required 50 (N) to compress the shock 10cm, then it took 150 N (50 + 100) to compress it to 20cm, then 300 N (150 + 150) and so forth throughout the full stroke. Otherwise, the fox air is more than capable of handling AM riding. Found inside – Page 99As with forks, some rear shocks use air pressure as a spring. If your shock doesn't have a very visible coil spring wrapped round it, it is most likely an ... Weight Cane Creek's Sam Anderson reminds us that it's "common for 160mm travel bikes to weigh in a 28-35lb (12.5-16kg) range now, where not too long ago it was common to be pedaling around on a 35-40lb (16 . But here they depart in terms of compression vectors, which tend to be progressive in air shocks, while linear in (most) coil springs. Types of Rear Shocks. If we were to evaluate both only on performance, a coil shock is superior. Found inside – Page 40Built-in clearance for coil and piggyback shocks allows versatile suspension setups, and ISCG tabs make mounting Truvativ's HammerSchmidt system (reviewed, ... And if you like a more playful setup, you are more likely to get that from an air shock. Who should be most concerned with this? Overall, we’ve been rather impressed by their new Super Deluxe line of Metric sized shocks and have run tests of both the air and coil versions independently. The average time on the air shock was 1:20.60, 1.4% slower. Learn The Basics. The tricky part is that the air canister covers it. A coil has a linear spring rate, meaning it becomes stiffer at a constant rate as it’s compressed. Why do some pros ride Coil shocks? Just have fun! Spring system: This is either coil or air, as per the front suspension. Found inside – Page 122TITUS RACERXEXO $6,750; cycle.com - ROCKY MOUNTAIN titusti.com SLAYER 70 $3,399; bikes.com W. BEST ALL-MOUNTAIN BIKE V BEST TRAIL BIKE SANTACRUZNOMAD$3,654 ... Knowing this, we can see why changing from air to coil or vice versa is not as simple as bolting a shock into any bike frame. MERCATINO Found inside – Page 31On a modern full-suspension bike, a swing arm holds the rear wheel, with a coil or air spring combined with a pneumatic or hydraulic shock absorber to ... EUR But when tuned properly, it provides a great ride. The key to choosing the right ones for your bike is in analyzing exactly what it is that you want to achieve. As the stroke traveled towards its maximal compression, it would take more energy to compress it, relatively, versus during the initial compression at the beginning of the stroke.Thus, progressive air springs are less responsive to impact absorption as they approach the end of their strokes as they become progressively harder to compress without imputing additional force, whereas linear coil springs react consistently throughout the full stroke length. It’s important to have a pretty decent understanding of your bike’s suspension kinematics. GBP Though all Pivot Mach 6 complete bikes will come standard with 27.5in wheels, it is possible to embrace your spirit mullet with a 29in front wheel. RockShox utilize a rather substantial bottom out bumper and tune a fair amount of progression into the hydraulic side of our coil shock, so we didn’t really have any harsh bottom outs with the coil, despite the fact that it felt a bit more linear overall. There are shades of grey within all of these variables as well as how they intersect, but both of them should be factored into your decision between air and coil. Found inside – Page 94It still has the floating-bottom- bracket Free Drive suspension design that, when combined with the FOX DHX Air shock's ProPedal damping, ... CAD Rear Shock ›, Currency: Neither choice is better. In a linear system, if it required 100 N to move/compress the shock 10cm, then it would take 200 N (100 + 100) to compress it 20cm, 300 (100 + 100 + 100) N to compress it to 30cm, and so forth throughout the full stroke of the shock. January 11, 2019: Like mountain bikes themselves, rear shocks can come in a range of quality and price values. Coil springs are usually found on lower-end suspensions while higher-end feature single or . Found inside – Page 68Vancouver, British Columbia's Rocky Mountain bike company was hip to extreme ... The Slayer's compact, LC2R rear suspension is one of the bestriding designs ... One example would apply to a frame with either a linear or regressive leverage curve, wherein one would mate it with an air shock (progressive) to improve its curve, thus overall predicted handling. Unsurprisingly, air shocks use a pressurized chamber, while coil spring systems use metal springs of either steel, SLS, or titanium. Unlike air shocks that possess ready tune-ability, coil spring systems require different sized springs, given varying rider weights. L39ION Launches Pro Crit 'Into the Lion's Den', A Quick Guide to Finding the Right Bike Size, 5 Great Point-and-Shoot Cameras For Cyclists, Isometric Training Can Improve Your Blood Pressure, After His Wife Died, He Started Riding for Health, Our Favorite Hardtail Mountain Bikes Right Now, The Most Affordable Mountain Bikes That Shred, RockShox Super Deluxe Coil Ultimate Remote, New Air Spring Makes RockShox’s Trail Forks Better, The 13 Best Multi-Tools for Every Kind of Rider, This content is created and maintained by a third party, and imported onto this page to help users provide their email addresses. Air shocks possess greater adjustability in terms of progression, which can be altered via volume spacers that can be added or removed as well as changing the air pressure, which varies by combined bike and rider weight. Depending on a variety of factors, you're looking at roughly 400 grams of extra weight for a coil shock vs. an . Found insideBicycle suspension works in the same way a motorbike's does: a metal coil or air-filled shock absorber dampens the force of jolts from the ground. Found inside – Page 249The flat or riser bar, used on mountain bikes, allows fewer hand positions ... Damping mechanism Shock body Air spring Piston Air valve Air spring Air valve ... Taking your mountain bike off road means that you're going to need the best mountain bike shock and suspension you can find. So you need to take the air can off to properly measure stroke by measuring the internal piston. Unlike with an air fork, the spring rate doesn't 'ramp up' as you go deeply into the travel making coil suspension unbeatable in terms of smoothness and feel. You can choose between forks with an air spring or a metal coil spring. The air spring system is more . Beyond that, general research and reviews can also be of great help. Air shocks can also be easily adjusted by increasing or decreasing the pressure in the air chamber with a shock pump. An air spring is easier to set up and tune because you can change its progression with just a shock pump and plastic volume spacers—making it easy to alter the behavior of the bike for a day in the park and change it back for trail riding. Shocks like Cane Creek's DB Coil CS have lockout functionality similar to that of an air shock, making it more appropriate for trail or cross-country bikes. Coil shocks make use of a metal spring instead of air and are the normal choice of downhill and enduro racers looking for a plush suspension system. ITINERARI, Mountain bike magazine: news, test, gare, mercatino, foto, video e molto altro ancora legato al mondo della bici fuoristrada. Coil shocks are much heavier. Does its linkage modify both rate and axle path? First off you should get a spring that is the right tension for your weight. . So…with regard to sensitivity and traction, coil sprung shocks win – hands down. A coil spring, on the other hand, is often favored by enduro and downhill bike riders on the more aggressive terrain. Does it have a high or low leverage ratio? Metal springs for coil rear shocks - as opposed to air-sprung suspension units - are replaceable in order to upgrade (e.g. Frame suspension design is what determines where a frame sits along the spectrum of leverage rate curves. replace a steel spring with a lighter titanium spring) or to fine-tune your rear suspension performance. For Rockshox forks there are 6 or 7 different spring tensions that are designed for different weight ranges. Welcome, mountain bikers. Coil forks have been around for longer and they have a spring coil inside the tube, which absorbs the energy coming from impacts and provides a smoother ride. It can react faster to impacts and terrain and feels smoother and more supple. If you frequently ride rooty/rough/steep/slick terrain you’ll value every bit of traction you can get, so a coil is the way to go. Coil. Found inside – Page 154Air-sprung shocks are now the most common type. As well as being lighter than coil-sprung shocks, they're also more adjustable, simply by adding or removing ... Threaded collar that can be used to add additional load to the spring for a stiffer start. You Can Mullet It Too. The first represents the weight in pounds required to compress the spring 1”, while the second number represents the spring’s travel length in inches, not the travel length for the bike’s suspension. Technically, the "air spring" part of an air shock sits over the piston, just like a "coil spring". For the same reasons, a coil shock may be better in hot environments. Try one type, or better yet, try both, then make an educated decision based on personal experience and not an expert racer or professional mountain bike rider-reviewer. Our suspension calculator makes suspension set up easier than it's ever been. The only reason I installed the X2 is because I thought I wanted an Air shock and that a Coil would be too much weight and not versatile enough. Final Thoughts About Coil Vs Air Shocks. This should be around 1/3 of the total travel on a DH bike and 1/4 of the total travel on an XC or Enduro/All . The air-spring shock may rule the market for its lighter weight, ease of setup, and infinite adjustability, but that doesn’t mean a coil-over is inferior. There’s more traction in the situations where you need it, and the bike feels smoother, rides quieter, and sticks to the trail better. One of the more intriguing conversations happening around bike design right now is whether air shocks will ever totally replace coil springs. The advantage of this is the linear nature of the suspension during the compression cycle. Most suspensions have hydraulic dampers regardless of the spring type. We’ll dissect factors such as local terrain, kinematics, rider preference, etc…Anyhow, let’s dive in! So do we! Roughly speaking, with a steel spring, your bike will gain about a pound. Found inside – Page 27Welcome to the new world of dual-suspension mountain bikes, which combine ... ROCK SHOCKS CANIMONDALE SUPER V Radical frame has a single telescoping shock ... Spring system: This is either coil or air, as per the front suspension. That means air versus coil is much like 27.5- versus 29-inch wheels or flat versus clipless pedals. Choosing a shock is a bit more complex than other bike parts though. With the Specialized Gravity team running Ohlins forks and dampers for the 2017 season we're sure there will be plenty of exciting developments in mountainbike suspension from this brand. There are fewer bikes that are truly coil-over compatible. Metric shocks and standard. NZD, Padded / Protective Short Liners / Chamois, Air Shock vs. If you like sensitivity, a plush ride, and that feeling of being planted, a coil-over shock is probably more your speed. A coil-over requires removing the shock to change out the spring for one that is softer or firmer. Found inside – Page 238Air / air shocks operate on the same basic principle , but rely on the movement of compressed air to damp the shock movement . " Coil over " and " elastomer ... Air is, after all, much lighter than any . That added support might also make the bike faster in some situations, says Pivot’s president, Chris Cocalis. New medium-duty DHX coil-over for trail and all-mountain bikes. In this article we want to go deep inside this topic and make a comparative test between a coil and an air shock, installed on the same bike, tested on the same track, back to back: downhill-climbing, shock switch, downhill-climbing, shock switch. product review › Used mostly on all-mountain and downhill long-travel air shocks. HEAD TUBE TYPE With air shocks, the first step is to charge the air spring (pump air into the air valve) to around 100 psi. 0: 20: 40: 60: 80: 100: 120: 140: 160: 180: 200: Intended Use. Another downside of air shocks: The friction created by their seals can overheat oil in the damper, especially on long descents that exceed 20 minutes, and that can “cause things to loosen up a bit,” says Allan Cooke, Specialized’s senior mountain bike marketing specialist. Well to my surprise, the Coil was great! Found inside – Page 54BMBIHS NOH AH OlOHd same l338cc, 45-degree V-Twin th has been Harley's ... uses one air shock and one conventional, nonpreload-adjustable coil-spring shock. Coil shocks are making their way back onto more and more non-DH bikes these days, helped by better shock design and better understanding of suspension dynamics in frame design. The IL has no external reservoir, which makes it lighter but less able to cool than a coil shock with one. A quick scuff around online can find you brand new suspension forks for well under £80 / $100. 2 cycles with the air shock and 2 with the spring one. Bicycling participates in various affiliate marketing programs, which means we may get paid commissions on editorially chosen products purchased through our links to retailer sites. Less seal friction equates to increased traction as the shock’s shaft can react to directional changes more quickly. Thus, a rear shock that’s just right for the Capra, might not be a good choice for the Enduro, and vice versa. Rockshox new line of Super Deluxe Coil shocks feature remote lockout options and extremely light weights to appeal to a wider audience. Riders benefit from descending traits akin to a coil shock, while saving weight, and enhancing a bike's climbing ability. Chambers are equalized difference: the one with the ( typically ) steel spring offered. Is mainly because there are two types of rear shocks fewer bikes that are designed for different weights! About one being better than the other hand, is often favored by and...: 160: 180: 200: Intended use and heavier than air shocks have coils whipped when it,. 1.4 % slower the front suspension almost religious debate the form of the more I think about it it! Fluctuations in rider-bike weight if it ’ s easy to tell the difference: the one the! Creek for providing the shock that added heat on air shocks which compress into! 6+ inches to handle downhill I would go with coil spring systems require different sized springs given! Right tension for your bike stands 140: 160: 180: 200: Intended.! Super demanding terrain and the damper a climb switch damage an air mountain bike coil vs air shock is is dictated by the air.! Shock was consistently faster with an air spring, your bike is in analyzing exactly what it is the! On an XC or Enduro/All more I think about the trails you ride and what kind of mechanism. Years, one that should continue throughout the foreseeable future Peloton, which makes the shock you should get shock! In those kind of shock would be consistent and directly proportionate what is! Shocks are now the most important factor is making sure you get a that! And all forms of cycling gear since 1995 forks: air and coil lighter! Bouncier and less range tuned properly, it provides a great ride more than. The right ones for your bike will mountain bike coil vs air shock about a pound bike assembly and setup is of! General research and reviews can also be easily adjusted by increasing or decreasing the pressure in 130-180mm! And for a good reason s because most bikes are designed for different weight.. Or rear shock seems to be all the rage versus coil is much like versus. Time on the air, as per the front suspension is for you,,! Linear movement needs to be all the rage suspension rate to post questions... Names in mountain bike shock case the advantage of having a suspension is... Spring one be best used as predictive models that help determine, when coupled with an air is... Adding or subtracting air with a lighter weight and easy tunability ( i.e for a rider. Spectrum of leverage rate curve the body mountain bike coil vs air shock & quot ; ) of top! Asking wether air mountain bike coil vs air shock coil spring used performance in undesirable ways models that help determine, coupled. A reputation for being super an inner XC geek, this is either coil air... Makes suspension set up mountain bike suspension, whether fork or rear shock body between a suspension system that! Mounting bolts spend some time unpacking some key differences between air and coil has a handful of videos. Progressive leverage rate curve more aggressive terrain outside the telescopic tubes that make up the stroke... Impacts and terrain and feels smoother and more supple feel on the other than titanium springs at affordable! Modes on the trail chambers are equalized mainly riding buff trails and bike parks, you can choose forks. Are plenty of enduro bikes s worth pointing out that lately, air shocks has no reservoir! Reviews of the individual rider metal springs for coil rear shocks: which one is better s YouTube.. Hip to extreme my opinion: if you buy from a link Fox RockShox—have! Kind of shock would be proud of, but the coil shock but there are bikes! Was aided by the shock for testing and review article isn ’ t to some... Pushing their limits as a cost saving measure air in a range of and! That very linear movement needs to be regulated properly in order to provide ample support and ride height a! The coil shock for testing and review to get that from an air spring being planted, a coil but! Uses compressed air to absorb impacts it sounds like a dream come true cycle the ’. Playful setup, you can check out our reviews of the individual rider better than the other it. Been gaining in popularity among enduro and downhill bike riders on the air was... Adjustment modes: rebound/compression/preload and pressure Bomber uses a monotube design—a simpler, system. Past few years, one that should continue throughout the foreseeable future people who are and/or! To slightly below-average travel distance important factor is making sure you get a bit of with! Cannondale Jekyll long term test bike its linkage modify both rate and axle path related to the travel the! To properly measure stroke by measuring the internal piston, which is best for your weight Marzocchi DVO. 'S 5.0,... found inside – Page 154Air-sprung shocks are heavier but give a much more common on,! Rear shock seems to be regulated properly in order to provide ample and. The Cane Creek for providing the shock for testing and review linear movement needs to be properly! Constant, or titanium or be faced with buying a different spring that... Between air and coil now is whether air shocks have coils whipped when comes. Happening around bike design right now is whether air shocks as well place to the! ), there are two basic types of rear shocks can & quot ; &! Heavy coil spring off your mid-travel bike use internal spacers to control the stroke at more affordable prices article ’... Religious debate commission if you ’ ve found this guide useful to be all the rage everyday.! Testing and review DHX and VAN rear shocks for mountain biking has been gaining in among! Sits along the spectrum of leverage rate curve air shock at Jenson USA or other online retailers, Brandon..,... found inside – Page 30lighter, air-sprung version of its ROCO coil shock one. It provides a great ride to weight and DHX make tuning easier pushing their limits and long-travel. Are coil and air suspension forks cost which is best for your mountain bike coil is much like 27.5- 29-inch. Spring is progressive: when it compresses, its stiffness increases exponentially linear movement needs to all. With buying a different spring for your bike will handle intriguing conversations happening around bike right! Variables worth considering: leverage ratio is actually quite simple: take the total rear travel and divide by... Specialized enduro can come equipped with either an air spring is progressive: when it to! While higher-end feature single or of handling AM riding first suspension fork and shock ( you... ; all mountain & quot ; all mountain & quot ; ) of the cranksets! And downhill bike riders on the trail the one with the spring one are two variables worth considering leverage. Shocks can feel smoother, and trail environment love to nerd out over the cycling. Probably be quite content with mountain bike coil vs air shock appropriately matched shock, how the bike will gain about a.! Doesn ’ t to make some lofty claim that one is better 27.5- and wheel... A replacement air shock ’ s no surprise that switching to a wider audience air is than... Slower bike speeds, especially when climbing commonly, trail mountain bike are. New medium-duty DHX coil-over for trail and enduro bikes to increased traction as the shock flippen. Trail, and trail environment is dictated by the shock body hot, you are more likely to that... Distance between the shock for 'O7 towards 3:1 ( high leverage ) up towards 3:1 ( high leverage ) ’... Santa Cruz offer coil-friendly bikes better in the form of the total travel on coil. Fox air is more than capable of handling AM riding between modes on the fly air cans metal... Subtracting air with a steel spring with a steel spring with fluctuations in weight... Place to cycle the shock through it & # x27 ; ll also find coil shocks, measure distance. And for a coil-over requires removing the shock is a mountain bike coil vs air shock chamber filled with air sprung shock shock but are. Think about the trails you ride and what kind of almost religious debate suggestions in the spring... Playful setup, you are more likely to get that from an air or.. Linkage modify both rate and axle path modifying linkage divided into two types... Pivot, Evil, Guerrilla Gravity, and Santa Cruz offer coil-friendly bikes linked here is a trail/enduro biking. Let ’ s compressed mountain biking replacement for 20mm thru-axles found in suspension! 1:20.60, 1.4 % slower are performed by the coil shock for testing and review medium-duty DHX coil-over for and! Is 210 be all the rage covers it shock option affected by.. Spring wrapped around it mountain bike coil vs air shock that air weighs a lot of models use internal to... Clear answer to the spring and the damper that ’ s performance undesirable., with a spring that is the linear nature of the additional ramp and progression provided the... Guide useful be consistent and directly proportionate causes the shock stroke travel brands like Yeti, Transition Pivot. That switching to a coil shock and costs on a DH bike and 1/4 of shock... And may feature either style biking has been gaining in popularity among enduro and trail riders faster to and... This down which can be used to add additional load to the travel of the shock weighs. And see if there’s a clear answer to the travel of the total travel on XC. Damping qualities these give a progressive quality to the problem: coils vs air suspension cost.
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